Citizens who owned less wealth than that required for bottom of the fifth census class were called capite censi ( lit.
Those classes were assigned in decreasing order of wealth and allotted citizens to a corresponding century in the comitia centuriata. The Roman army traditionally found its manpower by conscription from the top five census classes. Changes in the Roman army of the late republic occurred both later (during the Social War and following civil wars rather than at the end of the 2nd century BC) and emerged from circumstance rather than a reformist Marian vision. Others are wrongly dated or misattributed. Few of them have any basis in the ancient and archaeological evidence. Other reforms to the army's operations and equipment, said to have been done by Marius, are also largely rejected by scholars. The occurrence of such a comprehensive reform led by Marius is no longer widely accepted by specialists 21st-century scholars have called the reforms a "construct of modern scholarship". There is, however, little ancient evidence for any permanent or significant change to recruitment practice in Marius's time. This belief was spread relatively uncritically and was accepted as largely proven by the 1850s and through much of the 20th century. īelief in a comprehensive scheme of reforms under Marius emerged in 1840s German scholarship, which posited that any changes in the Roman army between the times of Polybius and Marius were attributable to a single reform event. This proletarianisation was then supposed to have created a semi-professional class of soldiers motivated by land grants which in turn became clients of their generals, who then used them to overthrow the republic. It was commonly believed that Marius changed the soldiers' socio-economic background by allowing citizens without property to join the Roman army, a process called "proletarianisation". Other changes were supposed to have included the introduction of the cohort the institution of a single form of heavy infantry with uniform equipment the universal adoption of the eagle standard and the abolition of the citizen cavalry. The most important of those alleged changes concerned the altering of the socio-economic background of the soldiery. The Marian reforms were alleged changes to the composition and operation of the Roman army during the late Roman republic usually attributed to Gaius Marius (a general who was consul in 107, 104–100, and 86 BC ).
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